Ukraine


HOME Europe France Ukraine England Poland Austria Netherlands Portugal Spain Germany Azia Egypt Cyprus Turkey India Sri-Lanka China Japan Africa Tunisia Kenya Tanzania Zambia Botswana	Official name: Ukraine. Capital: Kiev. Ukraine's territory is 603.7 thousand square kilometers It borders to the north - with Belarus in the north-east and east - with the Russian Federation in the north-west - with Poland in the west - with Slovakia in the south-west - with Moldova, Hungary and Romania, on the sea - with Russia , Bulgaria, Turkey and Georgia. In southern Ukraine, washed by the Black and Azov seas. Border length - 8215 km. The land (river, lake) section of the border between Russia and Ukraine - 1925.8 kilometers. Southern region of Ukraine - Sea Gate State, here are the world famous resorts. Eastern areas are industrial region with developed machine building, metallurgy and agriculture. The central area - the breadbasket of Ukraine, a region highly industrialized, the site of much of the oil reserves of the country. Western Region - agricultural region with significant recreational potential Carpathians. Climate Ukpainy Distance Ukraine from the oceans, continental Eurasia and mostly flat nature of its territory is defined as the country's climate is temperate continental, gradually changing from west to east. Only a narrow coastal strip of the southern coast is characterized by a subtropical (Mediterranean type) climate. As the continental summer becomes hotter and winters colder and less rainfall. Ukraine, despite a temperate continental climate, characterized by a fairly significant differences in the humidity of the climate, temperature, length of growing season, etc. Regular alternation of Western influence (wet Atlantic) and Eastern (dry continental air) in a mainly flat territory of Ukraine causes frequent changes of cyclonic anticyclonic and vice versa. In the summer it affects change of warm air masses over wet and temperate Atlantic, and winter - warm Atlantic cold masses coming from the North and Siberia. In some years, there are significant deviations of the average parameters of the majority of long-term climatic characteristics. In Ukraine there are four agro-climatic zones, gradually passing into one another. In the north-western part is a warm area with sufficient moisture. In the south-east of it extends a warm area with high moisture content. Further to the south-east is very warm arid zone, and the entire southern part of the country is located in a moderately hot, dry area. Temperature range Significant role in shaping the environment temperature is characterized by significant fluctuations. Air temperature in the coldest month (January) is almost everywhere (except the southern coast), negative (average -2 ° ... -7,5 ° C) and the warmest (July) - +17,5 ° ... +22 ° C. The average frost-free period ranges from 260-270 days in the southern part of the Crimea to 170 days in the north-east. There are substantial variations and average annual temperatures. The absolute maximum temperature reaches +36 ° ... +42 ° C in summer and +6 ... +18 ° C in the winter, the absolute minimum - respectively -30 ° C (in the south) and -40-42 ° C (in the east). Seasonal temperature changes significantly by region of the country. Periods when the average temperature exceeds +20 ° C, in the south last up to three months, while almost absent in the west and north. Frosty period with an average temperature below 0 ° C mostly ranges from 2 months in the south up to 5 months in the north-east. Tradition in Ukraine On Christmas Eve - January 6 (the day named Vilia) at dawn the host and hostess God ritually prepared food - Christmas Pudding and uzvar. To do this in a special way in the oven went to the wood, which had to be light "live fire" (loss of trees on the tree, or flint), in the later tradition have used matches. Kuti was taken to advance potolchennaya and soaked wheat, as well as "untouched" - typed before sunrise water, which I believe, blessed night, the god of the sun. This concerned Knish, who was taken out of the oven "to the world", and planted in the oven rolls and meatless patties. Knish baked, kneading it like a normal bread, and laying on top of a small loaf, which is called the soul, and which was intended to Whit-harmony, that is, souls of dead ancestors. Then the hostess was preparing for the pre-dawn water in the new pot cabbage rolls and other dishes, which must have been twelve. Especially watching for God's food was taken out of the oven with the sunrise. For the final preparation of cooked wheat kuti added honey, Wallachian nuts, poppy and raisins (wheat was considered a symbol of eternal life, and honey - the eternal happiness of the saints in heaven.) Pitch or uzvar prepared from dried fruit (apples, pears, plums, cherries). When God's food and Knish already on the bench, then under the sun owner opened the house door, barns, barns, stables, and even the gate, because it was believed that the land rises god of harvest, prosperity and wealth. Magic potion (poppy-vidyukom) people showered all domestic animals to loosen evil force and once again checked everything was ready for Holy-evening. By then it was required to make the house "Christmas Time." This father took the older boy's hand and walked with him to the barn, carrying water, untouched, and the boy - three spikelets. There was already cooked Rye Didukh and 12 bundles of fragrant hay. This dovoskhodnoy sprayed with water, and sentenced the prayer: "Dear God, and you, the Sun of Righteousness, with Merry Christmas, Last year you gave the crop, given good, wealth and health ... went even better this year!" Then take Rye Diduh and hay and carried to the home, where the hostess greeted them with a lit candle and Knish. Subsequently, all installed together on Diduh Pokuttya Staley hay table and floor, and the kids ritual rolling on the floor, so as not translated livestock. The traditional Ukrainian outlook Rye Didukh may contain the Diduh, ancestors, the spirit of accommodation, good Spirits Lada. Past, it was thought, after harvests move into sheaf-Didukh and with him moving from fields in the barn. And other spirits Lada go from fields to forests, mountains and valleys. It is Viliyu spirits with Diduh, which is called "Paradise" (because that is where the heart), part of the home people and arrange for them to host the Holy Supper. Kutyu on this rich but good spirits come and harvest god, and the god home animals. Until Rye Didukh stands Pokuttya sternly forbidden to do any work other than the care of the cattle. At this time the hostess even took out a broom from home, not to sweep the house. Saint named not only dinner 6.01, and following up to the dining Generous Evening 13.01. At this time only to celebrate godilos not work. Place a Diduh house was called "Paradise", because that is considered from now on will be the soul ancestors, family and supporters at home. Hay on top of the table Staley first tablecloth for good shower, lay on the edges of potion or spell-garlic dimmed second tablecloth - for people. The owner of the table set for perfume Knish, and the woman loaf in which to insert the candle. Christmas Pudding and uzvar solemnly transferred to Pokuttya preassembled from kuti dry top for wildlife. Children at this time magically cook and hummed to chickens and bees were. Christmas Pudding covered Knish, uzvar - Caravan and pohozyaynichat with cattle, all the anticipated Twilight. Getting ready for dinner, the family put on fancy clothes and eagerly awaited the first dawn of the night sky, because the day had to be fast and do not have. Going out into the yard, the children watched the sky and with the appearance of the star, came into the house and notified the long-awaited news. From this point you can start the Holy Supper. Attractions in Ukraine Kerch. Mount Mithridates. Pantikapaion Above the center of modern Kerch rises Mount Mithridates. Ascent to the mountain - a good tradition for every tourist and local residents who have returned home. From the observation deck Mount Mithridates magnificent panorama of Kerch, you can cover the whole view Kerch Bay. Elevation 91.4 meters. Here, on top of the mountain, was the acropolis Bosporan nobility Pantikapei. Were magnificent palaces of the nobility, the majestic temples in honor of the Greek gods. History lovers will be interesting monuments to heroic defenders of the city. Mount Mithridates. Stairs leading to the mountain where you can see the ruins of an ancient Greek settlement Pantikapei, the capital of the Bosporus, the largest in the ancient times, crafts and trade center of the Northern Black Sea coast. Bakhchisarai city was founded by colonists from Miletus in the VII century BC. The word "Bakhchisarai" in the north-Iranian dialect means "fish way", it is not Greek and Scythian. The Greeks called the city "Bosporos" after the passage. The city is mentioned in many ancient sources. With the V century BC, the city became the capital of the Bosporan kingdom, united all the cities on both sides of the Strait of Kerch. The state is known as the fact that it has long Exact time successfully resisted Rome. Mount Mithridates. Staircase decorated with sculptures of griffins Excavations of Bakhchisarai in the north-western and western slopes of the mountain. City Pantikapaion. Ancient Greek columns Each tourist will be interesting to walk along the ancient pavement, go to the room of the temple and photographed at the famous Greek columns. The remains of the ancient city of Bakhchisarai These columns have survived miraculously, as it was in this place of fierce battles during World War II. The remains of the ancient city of Bakhchisarai Mithridates shrouded mountain of mystery. At its top is a wide staircase, which has more than four steps. Griffin sculpture adorning the staircase to Mount Mithridates It is decorated with sculptures of griffins - mythical creature with the body of a lion, the head and wings of a bird. Griffin is a symbol of Kerch, his picture is on the coat of arms of the city. Gore is named King Mithridates of Pontus, who was power over Bosporus. A descendant of Alexander the Great, he was an outstanding man, possessed of great physical strength, indomitable energy, profound intellect and hard temper. For years he fought hard with the Roman Empire, trying to crush it. But, in the end, was crushed. Learning that the conspiracy was led by his son Farnak, Mithridates took poison. But the potion did not work, and the defeated king ordered the head of security to stab herself. The sculptures decorating the staircase to Mount Mithridates learning of the death of Mithridates, Cicero called him "the greatest master, with whom Rome ever waged war." Was it in 63 BC. e. Myths say that on Mount Mithridates is golden horse stall for the Pontic king ... In 90 years on it was discovered artificial grotto. Put forward various theories: this quarry or before there was a prison or rooms for servants. There was a version, though in a cave could be a religious building. What's that? Another mystery. Now over Mount Mithridates obelisk of Fame, established in 1944. Obelisk of Glory on gort Mithridates Next to him, the so-called "first chair of Mithridates," where, according to legend, the king of Pontus admiring the sea, eternal flame burns in honor of soldiers who stand in defense of the city and Kerch liberated from the enemy. So echo time events in the history of Kerch, the successor of the ancient Pantikapei. Yeni-Kale Yeni-Kale - a monument of Turkish rule, was erected in 1703 on the shore of the Kerch Strait, the narrowest point. Its ramparts of the hill down to the water. On the third floor were powerful tools that held at gunpoint Strait. Fortress closed access to the Black Sea Cossacks Cossack vessels and ships of the Russian Navy. At the end of the XV century, the Genoese merchants, under pressure from the Turks were forced to leave the Crimean fortress and town. Soon, the Black Sea has become almost "inland sea" Ottoman Empire and the Turkish sultan forbade Crimean Khan to build a fortress on the peninsula, with the exception of Perekop. With the accession to the Russian throne of Peter I the case. Peter seriously took up the return of the lost territories and the removal of obstacles to the emergence of Russia to seas - the Black Sea and the Baltic. In 1696, Peter I, arranged them by the naval blockade, took the fortress of Azov built and led the Russian fleet in the Sea of Azov. Three years later, the king held a demonstration of their ships in the Strait of Kerch. I chose Peter excuse IMPORTANT: The wires of the embassy ship "fortress" in Constantinople. The entire fleet of ten units, followed by numerous galleries, Cossack "seagulls" and other variations on the theme appeared shipbuilding August day in 1699 the Turkish garrison of Kerch. In July 1700 in the Turkish capital armistice was signed, the Sultan gave Azov Russia, and Moscow stopped paying tribute to the Crimean khan. In 1701, on the west coast of the Kerch Strait, the Turks started construction of a new fortress, designed to prevent the Russian ships to enter the Black Sea. The place was well chosen: the steep bank, opposite the spit pigs. This place was very uncomfortable for passing ships: inability to maneuver the ship as a "substitutes" under fire from shore batteries. Position securely covered sandbanks and Turkish vessels passable areas, she served as a fortress rear Taman. Supervised the construction of a new fortress Goloppo Italian convert to Islam. The main work was completed by the 1703. The newly constructed building called Yeni-Kale, which translated from Tatar simply means "new castle". Here is located the headquarters of the Turkish Black Sea coast defense, and the former command post at the Cafe (Feodosia) and "old" fortress Kerch transferred to the reserve. The fortress was built in the form close to the wrong harness. Along the perimeter of the fortress covered high battlements. From the land, before the walls was dug a deep ditch, and from the sea coast was paved ground on stilts, on which the road. Just fort were three roads: one - from Kerch along the sea, the second - in the northeast, Berths Yenikalsky Gulf and crossing with Taman, the third - by Jankoi. Another entrance led from the sea. The gates were reinforced towers and platforms for the military. Garrison Yenikale could be up to two thousand people, but usually in the fortress there were about 1,000 soldiers. They were mostly Turks, but were part of the Tatar and volunteers recruited from nearby villages. Soldiers received a salary of Sultan Treasury, lived in barracks inside the fort, their services contained a mosque and bath. Garrison was chief Pasha high rank Vizier, he also lived in the fortress, his chambers were located on the "Dzhankojsky" gate. In 1711, Peter I lost the Prut campaign and, by agreement with the Porte, the Azov fleet destroyed and ruined building of Azov. Half a century of passion subsided, and serfdom Yenikalsky authorities engaged mainly customs matters, as new castle were busy trading center. In the second half of the XVIII century, in the middle of the reign of Catherine II, in St. Petersburg once again embarked on the Black Sea problem. Russia was a natural desire to own access to the Black Sea (remember that once called the Russian Black Sea and the Kerch Strait existed colony of Kievan Rus - Tmutarakan). However, as if anticipating the event, war, the fall of 1768, announced the Turkish sultan. First two years of battles were far from the Crimea: the Danube and the Mediterranean. Launched against the Crimean Russian army stood motionless in Ekaterinoslavl (Dnepropetrovsk). Petersburg awaited recovery of the Azov Fleet ships in the shipyard lowered water accelerated pace, and in the early summer of 1771 the fleet set sail. Crimean campaign began ... Troops under the command of Prince Dolgoruky VM two columns were moving on and Perekop Arabat braid. Azov squadron flying the flag of Admiral AN Sinyavina went into Genichesk Bay, turned the ferry on which housing Prince Shcherbatov reached spit and stormed the fortress Arabat. Simultaneously fell, taken by Prince Dolgoruky Perekop. Called the victory occurred in the middle of June 1771 from Arabatskaya arrows path led to Yenikale. The commandant of the "New Fortress" was trying to organize the defense of the territory entrusted to him. The garrison was reinforced by a flotilla sent from Istanbul and 12 000 soldiers. 9 small ships were sent to Arabat to explore, but after seeing the Russian Navy, they returned to Yenikale and with the whole fleet went to Kerch, and, taking the locals retreated into the Black Sea. After 2 days, the garrison Yenikalsky sitting on merchant vessels, went to Sinop and Tatars returned to their villages, leaving several people in the castle and artillery. June 21, 1771, the few remaining in Armenian families met at the gate of General Borzov and presented with the keys to the castle. The same day the Russian occupied Kerch. In 1774 the name "New Fortress" is used only in conjunction with the Kerch in Russian lexicon has become a combination of "Kerch-Yenikale." Initially, the newly acquired cities were included in the county Mariupol Azov province that did not have the new territories by land. But already in 1775, was created a separate province of Azov, where, and includes all new acquisitions. Kerch and Yenikale Russian troops got almost deserted, and soon began a new settlement Orthodox Greeks - people from the Aegean Sea archipelagos, and the wars of the so-called Albanian troops who took part in the fighting of the Russian fleet during the Russian-Turkish war. Greeks promised agency in Kerch and Yenikale "free and free" port, construction of houses and churches in new places by the Treasury, exemption from taxes for 30 years, the right to trade in all Russian cities and ports, and more. In addition to the Greeks in Yenikale arrived and settlers from Sloboda Ukraine. In 1776, near the walls Yenikale steel trade fairs, which flocked merchants from the Crimea, Russia, and the Caucasus. In 1783, Catherine II signed the "Decree on the entry of the Crimean Khanate to the Russian Empire." Kerch and Yenikale were in the heart of Russia. Then at Cape Ak-Burun, closes the south Kerch Bay, begins construction of the Alexander Pavlovsky and redoubts, strengthened small Paul castle. Yenikalsky artillery takes a back seat. After the formation of Tauride, settlement called Kerch-Yenikale receive city status. Soon the city center finally moves to Kerch and Yenikale declines. In 1825, the fortress Yenikale was abolished and its territory housed a military hospital, and the city has gradually turned into a small village. In 1855, the fortress Yenikale last took part in the wars - its battery is kept short battle with the Anglo-French landing in Kerch. But the forces were not equal and the Russian had to retreat. After the Crimean War Yenikale finally becomes a holiday suburb of Kerch. In the 1880s, the hospital was closed and the castle was finally abandoned. Cities in Ukraine Kiev Kiev - the capital of Ukraine. It is a city with over 1500 years of history, the cradle of the East Slavic civilization. City, whose legends and stories are written in the chronicles are reflected in the epics, retold in hundreds of books about the history of ancient Russia, the Ukraine and the modern Ukrainian state. Administrative, political, historical, cultural and spiritual center of the state. According to "The Tale of Bygone Years", the foundation of the city in I predicted. preaching in these places the Apostle Andrew, the Dnipro hills erecting a cross with the words: "It is a great city, and God will raise up many churches." By this time, is the appearance of the first Old Slavonic settlements. The official founding date is 482 (Kiev Day celebrated on the last Saturday and Sunday in May). According to legend, was founded by Prince Slavic tribe glades Kiem. The names of the brothers who founded Kyi, Schek, Horeb and their sister Lybid are urban toponyms. By 882, came from Novgorod first Kyiv Prince Oleg Ruricovich united Russian land, declaring: "This mother of Russ towns". Kiev became the political and religious center of the Slavic lands. In 988, Prince Vladimir introduced Christianity as the official religion. Prosperity achieved in the XI century., During the reign of Yaroslav the Wise, becoming one of the most powerful cities in Europe. The decline began in the strife in the XII. and ended with the capture of the Mongols in 1240, is under the authority of Lithuania, then Poland. In the XVII century. Metropolitan P. tomb revived Orthodox Metropolitan of Kiev, founded the first university in Russia - Kiev-Mohyla Academy. In January 1654, after Pereyaslav, Ukraine fell under the power of Muscovy, Kiev became a provincial city. After the February Revolution of 1917 established the Central Council, headed by Hrushevsky and proclaimed the independence of the Ukrainian People's Republic. Surrendered to the Bolshevik army with the support of Germany. After a series of coups in consolidated Soviet power during the reign of which destroyed a number of unique architectural monuments. City was badly damaged during the Second World War. After the war, the central part was built up in the Stalinist style. August 24, 1991 was proclaimed the Act of Independence of Ukraine. In recent years, revived many architectural monuments. Donetsk Donetsk - the administrative center of Donetsk region. The name "Donetsk", was the name of the Seversky Donets River, which flows to the north of Donetsk region. The industrial potential of Donetsk in 2nd place in the area in terms of industrial production (after Mariupol) and 1st place in terms of growth. In the city, there is one of the largest in Ukraine in terms of investment of free economic zones ("SEZ") "Donetsk". Along with the city Makeevka - was the largest in the USSR industrial hub. A characteristic feature of the economic complex of Donetsk is a diversified specialty industry, combined with the development of transport and financial management of the city. The industry practically all sectors of the economy, however, the proportion of metals (both ferrous and non-ferrous), coal, chemical industry (including coke) and heavy engineering industries highest. Along with the traditional sectors of heavy industry in recent years, are also developing light industry, food, woodworking, mechanical engineering. lions Lviv - the city of regional subordination, administrative, economic and cultural center of Lviv Oblast, Ukrainian SSR, a major center of rail and highways and airlines. Located at the junction of three natural areas - Roztocze, Bug River and Lviv plateau. The highest point of the city - Mountain High Castle (Knyazhev Mountain) reaches 411 m above sea level (22 m of them piled up.) The territory of Lviv - 137.5 sq. m. km. The population - 642 thousand people. The city is divided into five administrative districts: Leninsky, Chervonoarmeysk, Zaliznichny, Shevchenko, Radyansky. District Council of Lviv subordinated: Chervonoarmeysk - city Vynnyky, Shevchenko - smt Bryukhovychi, Zaliznichnomu - Ore village. The city and the surrounding area has been settled since the Mesolithic period (about 8 thousand years ago), as evidenced by tools of the time, found on the north-western and south-eastern outskirts of {Sveshn³kov I. K. Dov³dnik s arheolog³¿ of Ukraine, p. 44.}. By the end of the era of copper (III millennium BC. Oe.) Are the remains of settlements agricultural and pastoral tribes, which were investigated by archaeologists in the High Castle Hill in 1955-1956, 1975 and 1976. and in the uplands and Zupan Lysovka Vynnyky near the city in 1962 {Peleschishin NA ancient population in Western Volyn III millennium BC. Abstract for the degree of candidate of historical sciences. K., 1967, p. 3, Archaeological discoveries in 1975, p. 297-299.}. In the city park Franko remained mound end of the era of copper - early Bronze Age period (about 4 thousand years ago) {Sveshn³kov I. K. Dov³dnik s arheolog³¿ of Ukraine, p. 44.} And Old fort (apparently, XI c.) {Mater³ali dosl³dzhennya i s i arheolog³¿ Precarpathia Volin³, wines. 3. K., 1961, p. 115-127.}. This refutes the bourgeois historians that though the first settlement on the territory of the castle hill arose in post-Mongol period. Lions appeared in the XIII century. on the site of ancient settlement mentioned and soon became the center of Galicia-Volyn principality. It was first mentioned in the Galicia-Volyn chronicle in connection with the description of the Hill, the fire, which occurred on the specified data, in the spring of 1256 {Chronicle on ipat Founded Lviv Galicia-Volyn Prince Daniel Romanovich (1225-1264 gg.), Naming it in honor of his son Lev. Reigned over the city castle, built to the prince mountain (High Castle). Subjecting Southwest Rus Burunday in 1259 forced the Galicia-Volyn princes destroy fortified cities, including Lviv and lock. Later, it was rebuilt and in 1286 he defended the city from attack by the Mongol Khan Telebugi.

Official name: Ukraine.

Capital: Kiev.

Ukraine's territory is 603.7 thousand square kilometers It borders to the north - with Belarus in the north-east and east - with the Russian Federation in the north-west - with Poland in the west - with Slovakia in the south-west - with Moldova, Hungary and Romania, on the sea - with Russia , Bulgaria, Turkey and Georgia. In southern Ukraine, washed by the Black and Azov seas. Border length - 8215 km. The land (river, lake) section of the border between Russia and Ukraine - 1925.8 kilometers.

Southern region of Ukraine - Sea Gate State, here are the world famous resorts. Eastern areas are industrial region with developed machine building, metallurgy and agriculture. The central area - the breadbasket of Ukraine, a region highly industrialized, the site of much of the oil reserves of the country. Western Region - agricultural region with significant recreational potential Carpathians.

Climate Ukpainy

Distance Ukraine from the oceans, continental Eurasia and mostly flat nature of its territory is defined as the country's climate is temperate continental, gradually changing from west to east. Only a narrow coastal strip of the southern coast is characterized by a subtropical (Mediterranean type) climate. As the continental summer becomes hotter and winters colder and less rainfall.
Ukraine, despite a temperate continental climate, characterized by a fairly significant differences in the humidity of the climate, temperature, length of growing season, etc.
Regular alternation of Western influence (wet Atlantic) and Eastern (dry continental air) in a mainly flat territory of Ukraine causes frequent changes of cyclonic anticyclonic and vice versa. In the summer it affects change of warm air masses over wet and temperate Atlantic, and winter - warm Atlantic cold masses coming from the North and Siberia. In some years, there are significant deviations of the average parameters of the majority of long-term climatic characteristics.

In Ukraine there are four agro-climatic zones, gradually passing into one another. In the north-western part is a warm area with sufficient moisture. In the south-east of it extends a warm area with high moisture content. Further to the south-east is very warm arid zone, and the entire southern part of the country is located in a moderately hot, dry area.
Temperature range

Significant role in shaping the environment temperature is characterized by significant fluctuations. Air temperature in the coldest month (January) is almost everywhere (except the southern coast), negative (average -2 ° ... -7,5 ° C) and the warmest (July) - +17,5 ° ... +22 ° C. The average frost-free period ranges from 260-270 days in the southern part of the Crimea to 170 days in the north-east. There are substantial variations and average annual temperatures. The absolute maximum temperature reaches +36 ° ... +42 ° C in summer and +6 ... +18 ° C in the winter, the absolute minimum - respectively -30 ° C (in the south) and -40-42 ° C (in the east).
Seasonal temperature changes significantly by region of the country. Periods when the average temperature exceeds +20 ° C, in the south last up to three months, while almost absent in the west and north. Frosty period with an average temperature below 0 ° C mostly ranges from 2 months in the south up to 5 months in the north-east.

Tradition in Ukraine

On Christmas Eve - January 6 (the day named Vilia) at dawn the host and hostess God ritually prepared food - Christmas Pudding and uzvar. To do this in a special way in the oven went to the wood, which had to be light "live fire" (loss of trees on the tree, or flint), in the later tradition have used matches.

Kuti was taken to advance potolchennaya and soaked wheat, as well as "untouched" - typed before sunrise water, which I believe, blessed night, the god of the sun. This concerned Knish, who was taken out of the oven "to the world", and planted in the oven rolls and meatless patties. Knish baked, kneading it like a normal bread, and laying on top of a small loaf, which is called the soul, and which was intended to Whit-harmony, that is, souls of dead ancestors. Then the hostess was preparing for the pre-dawn water in the new pot cabbage rolls and other dishes, which must have been twelve.

Especially watching for God's food was taken out of the oven with the sunrise. For the final preparation of cooked wheat kuti added honey, Wallachian nuts, poppy and raisins (wheat was considered a symbol of eternal life, and honey - the eternal happiness of the saints in heaven.) Pitch or uzvar prepared from dried fruit (apples, pears, plums, cherries).

When God's food and Knish already on the bench, then under the sun owner opened the house door, barns, barns, stables, and even the gate, because it was believed that the land rises god of harvest, prosperity and wealth. Magic potion (poppy-vidyukom) people showered all domestic animals to loosen evil force and once again checked everything was ready for Holy-evening. By then it was required to make the house "Christmas Time." This father took the older boy's hand and walked with him to the barn, carrying water, untouched, and the boy - three spikelets. There was already cooked Rye Didukh and 12 bundles of fragrant hay. This dovoskhodnoy sprayed with water, and sentenced the prayer: "Dear God, and you, the Sun of Righteousness, with Merry Christmas, Last year you gave the crop, given good, wealth and health ... went even better this year!"

Then take Rye Diduh and hay and carried to the home, where the hostess greeted them with a lit candle and Knish. Subsequently, all installed together on Diduh Pokuttya Staley hay table and floor, and the kids ritual rolling on the floor, so as not translated livestock.

The traditional Ukrainian outlook Rye Didukh may contain the Diduh, ancestors, the spirit of accommodation, good Spirits Lada. Past, it was thought, after harvests move into sheaf-Didukh and with him moving from fields in the barn. And other spirits Lada go from fields to forests, mountains and valleys. It is Viliyu spirits with Diduh, which is called "Paradise" (because that is where the heart), part of the home people and arrange for them to host the Holy Supper. Kutyu on this rich but good spirits come and harvest god, and the god home animals.

Until Rye Didukh stands Pokuttya sternly forbidden to do any work other than the care of the cattle. At this time the hostess even took out a broom from home, not to sweep the house. Saint named not only dinner 6.01, and following up to the dining Generous Evening 13.01. At this time only to celebrate godilos not work.

Place a Diduh house was called "Paradise", because that is considered from now on will be the soul ancestors, family and supporters at home.

Hay on top of the table Staley first tablecloth for good shower, lay on the edges of potion or spell-garlic dimmed second tablecloth - for people. The owner of the table set for perfume Knish, and the woman loaf in which to insert the candle.

Christmas Pudding and uzvar solemnly transferred to Pokuttya preassembled from kuti dry top for wildlife. Children at this time magically cook and hummed to chickens and bees were. Christmas Pudding covered Knish, uzvar - Caravan and pohozyaynichat with cattle, all the anticipated Twilight.

Getting ready for dinner, the family put on fancy clothes and eagerly awaited the first dawn of the night sky, because the day had to be fast and do not have.

Going out into the yard, the children watched the sky and with the appearance of the star, came into the house and notified the long-awaited news. From this point you can start the Holy Supper.

Attractions in Ukraine

Kerch. Mount Mithridates. Pantikapaion

Above the center of modern Kerch rises Mount Mithridates.
Ascent to the mountain - a good tradition for every tourist and local residents who have returned home.
From the observation deck Mount Mithridates magnificent panorama of Kerch, you can cover the whole view Kerch Bay.
Elevation 91.4 meters. Here, on top of the mountain, was the acropolis Bosporan nobility Pantikapei.
Were magnificent palaces of the nobility, the majestic temples in honor of the Greek gods. History lovers will be interesting monuments to heroic defenders of the city.
Mount Mithridates. Stairs leading to the mountain where you can see the ruins of an ancient Greek settlement Pantikapei, the capital of the Bosporus, the largest in the ancient times, crafts and trade center of the Northern Black Sea coast.
Bakhchisarai city was founded by colonists from Miletus in the VII century BC.
The word "Bakhchisarai" in the north-Iranian dialect means "fish way", it is not Greek and Scythian.
The Greeks called the city "Bosporos" after the passage. The city is mentioned in many ancient sources.
With the V century BC, the city became the capital of the Bosporan kingdom, united all the cities on both sides of the Strait of Kerch. The state is known as the fact that it has long Exact time successfully resisted Rome.
Mount Mithridates. Staircase decorated with sculptures of griffins
Excavations of Bakhchisarai in the north-western and western slopes of the mountain.
City Pantikapaion. Ancient Greek columns
Each tourist will be interesting to walk along the ancient pavement, go to the room of the temple and photographed at the famous Greek columns.
The remains of the ancient city of Bakhchisarai
These columns have survived miraculously, as it was in this place of fierce battles during World War II.
The remains of the ancient city of Bakhchisarai
Mithridates shrouded mountain of mystery. At its top is a wide staircase, which has more than four steps.
Griffin sculpture adorning the staircase to Mount Mithridates It is decorated with sculptures of griffins - mythical creature with the body of a lion, the head and wings of a bird.
Griffin is a symbol of Kerch, his picture is on the coat of arms of the city.
Gore is named King Mithridates of Pontus, who was power over Bosporus.
A descendant of Alexander the Great, he was an outstanding man, possessed of great physical strength, indomitable energy, profound intellect and hard temper.
For years he fought hard with the Roman Empire, trying to crush it.
But, in the end, was crushed. Learning that the conspiracy was led by his son Farnak, Mithridates took poison. But the potion did not work, and the defeated king ordered the head of security to stab herself.
The sculptures decorating the staircase to Mount Mithridates learning of the death of Mithridates, Cicero called him "the greatest master, with whom Rome ever waged war."
Was it in 63 BC. e. Myths say that on Mount Mithridates is golden horse stall for the Pontic king ...
In 90 years on it was discovered artificial grotto.
Put forward various theories: this quarry or before there was a prison or rooms for servants.
There was a version, though in a cave could be a religious building. What's that? Another mystery.
Now over Mount Mithridates obelisk of Fame, established in 1944.
Obelisk of Glory on gort Mithridates
Next to him, the so-called "first chair of Mithridates," where, according to legend, the king of Pontus admiring the sea, eternal flame burns in honor of soldiers who stand in defense of the city and Kerch liberated from the enemy. So echo time events in the history of Kerch, the successor of the ancient Pantikapei.

Yeni-Kale

Yeni-Kale - a monument of Turkish rule, was erected in 1703 on the shore of the Kerch Strait, the narrowest point. Its ramparts of the hill down to the water. On the third floor were powerful tools that held at gunpoint Strait. Fortress closed access to the Black Sea Cossacks Cossack vessels and ships of the Russian Navy.

At the end of the XV century, the Genoese merchants, under pressure from the Turks were forced to leave the Crimean fortress and town. Soon, the Black Sea has become almost "inland sea" Ottoman Empire and the Turkish sultan forbade Crimean Khan to build a fortress on the peninsula, with the exception of Perekop.

With the accession to the Russian throne of Peter I the case. Peter seriously took up the return of the lost territories and the removal of obstacles to the emergence of Russia to seas - the Black Sea and the Baltic. In 1696, Peter I, arranged them by the naval blockade, took the fortress of Azov built and led the Russian fleet in the Sea of Azov. Three years later, the king held a demonstration of their ships in the Strait of Kerch. I chose Peter excuse IMPORTANT: The wires of the embassy ship "fortress" in Constantinople. The entire fleet of ten units, followed by numerous galleries, Cossack "seagulls" and other variations on the theme appeared shipbuilding August day in 1699 the Turkish garrison of Kerch. In July 1700 in the Turkish capital armistice was signed, the Sultan gave Azov Russia, and Moscow stopped paying tribute to the Crimean khan.

In 1701, on the west coast of the Kerch Strait, the Turks started construction of a new fortress, designed to prevent the Russian ships to enter the Black Sea.

The place was well chosen: the steep bank, opposite the spit pigs. This place was very uncomfortable for passing ships: inability to maneuver the ship as a "substitutes" under fire from shore batteries. Position securely covered sandbanks and Turkish vessels passable areas, she served as a fortress rear Taman. Supervised the construction of a new fortress Goloppo Italian convert to Islam.

The main work was completed by the 1703. The newly constructed building called Yeni-Kale, which translated from Tatar simply means "new castle".

Here is located the headquarters of the Turkish Black Sea coast defense, and the former command post at the Cafe (Feodosia) and "old" fortress Kerch transferred to the reserve.

The fortress was built in the form close to the wrong harness. Along the perimeter of the fortress covered high battlements. From the land, before the walls was dug a deep ditch, and from the sea coast was paved ground on stilts, on which the road. Just fort were three roads: one - from Kerch along the sea, the second - in the northeast, Berths Yenikalsky Gulf and crossing with Taman, the third - by Jankoi. Another entrance led from the sea. The gates were reinforced towers and platforms for the military.

Garrison Yenikale could be up to two thousand people, but usually in the fortress there were about 1,000 soldiers. They were mostly Turks, but were part of the Tatar and volunteers recruited from nearby villages. Soldiers received a salary of Sultan Treasury, lived in barracks inside the fort, their services contained a mosque and bath. Garrison was chief Pasha high rank Vizier, he also lived in the fortress, his chambers were located on the "Dzhankojsky" gate.

In 1711, Peter I lost the Prut campaign and, by agreement with the Porte, the Azov fleet destroyed and ruined building of Azov. Half a century of passion subsided, and serfdom Yenikalsky authorities engaged mainly customs matters, as new castle were busy trading center.

In the second half of the XVIII century, in the middle of the reign of Catherine II, in St. Petersburg once again embarked on the Black Sea problem. Russia was a natural desire to own access to the Black Sea (remember that once called the Russian Black Sea and the Kerch Strait existed colony of Kievan Rus - Tmutarakan).

However, as if anticipating the event, war, the fall of 1768, announced the Turkish sultan. First two years of battles were far from the Crimea: the Danube and the Mediterranean. Launched against the Crimean Russian army stood motionless in Ekaterinoslavl (Dnepropetrovsk). Petersburg awaited recovery of the Azov Fleet ships in the shipyard lowered water accelerated pace, and in the early summer of 1771 the fleet set sail. Crimean campaign began ...

Troops under the command of Prince Dolgoruky VM two columns were moving on and Perekop Arabat braid. Azov squadron flying the flag of Admiral AN Sinyavina went into Genichesk Bay, turned the ferry on which housing Prince Shcherbatov reached spit and stormed the fortress Arabat. Simultaneously fell, taken by Prince Dolgoruky Perekop. Called the victory occurred in the middle of June 1771 from Arabatskaya arrows path led to Yenikale.

The commandant of the "New Fortress" was trying to organize the defense of the territory entrusted to him. The garrison was reinforced by a flotilla sent from Istanbul and 12 000 soldiers. 9 small ships were sent to Arabat to explore, but after seeing the Russian Navy, they returned to Yenikale and with the whole fleet went to Kerch, and, taking the locals retreated into the Black Sea. After 2 days, the garrison Yenikalsky sitting on merchant vessels, went to Sinop and Tatars returned to their villages, leaving several people in the castle and artillery. June 21, 1771, the few remaining in Armenian families met at the gate of General Borzov and presented with the keys to the castle. The same day the Russian occupied Kerch.

In 1774 the name "New Fortress" is used only in conjunction with the Kerch in Russian lexicon has become a combination of "Kerch-Yenikale." Initially, the newly acquired cities were included in the county Mariupol Azov province that did not have the new territories by land. But already in 1775, was created a separate province of Azov, where, and includes all new acquisitions.

Kerch and Yenikale Russian troops got almost deserted, and soon began a new settlement Orthodox Greeks - people from the Aegean Sea archipelagos, and the wars of the so-called Albanian troops who took part in the fighting of the Russian fleet during the Russian-Turkish war. Greeks promised agency in Kerch and Yenikale "free and free" port, construction of houses and churches in new places by the Treasury, exemption from taxes for 30 years, the right to trade in all Russian cities and ports, and more.

In addition to the Greeks in Yenikale arrived and settlers from Sloboda Ukraine.

In 1776, near the walls Yenikale steel trade fairs, which flocked merchants from the Crimea, Russia, and the Caucasus. In 1783, Catherine II signed the "Decree on the entry of the Crimean Khanate to the Russian Empire." Kerch and Yenikale were in the heart of Russia. Then at Cape Ak-Burun, closes the south Kerch Bay, begins construction of the Alexander Pavlovsky and redoubts, strengthened small Paul castle. Yenikalsky artillery takes a back seat. After the formation of Tauride, settlement called Kerch-Yenikale receive city status. Soon the city center finally moves to Kerch and Yenikale declines. In 1825, the fortress Yenikale was abolished and its territory housed a military hospital, and the city has gradually turned into a small village.

In 1855, the fortress Yenikale last took part in the wars - its battery is kept short battle with the Anglo-French landing in Kerch. But the forces were not equal and the Russian had to retreat.

After the Crimean War Yenikale finally becomes a holiday suburb of Kerch. In the 1880s, the hospital was closed and the castle was finally abandoned.

Cities in Ukraine

Kiev

Kiev - the capital of Ukraine. It is a city with over 1500 years of history, the cradle of the East Slavic civilization. City, whose legends and stories are written in the chronicles are reflected in the epics, retold in hundreds of books about the history of ancient Russia, the Ukraine and the modern Ukrainian state.
Administrative, political, historical, cultural and spiritual center of the state. According to "The Tale of Bygone Years", the foundation of the city in I predicted. preaching in these places the Apostle Andrew, the Dnipro hills erecting a cross with the words: "It is a great city, and God will raise up many churches." By this time, is the appearance of the first Old Slavonic settlements. The official founding date is 482 (Kiev Day celebrated on the last Saturday and Sunday in May). According to legend, was founded by Prince Slavic tribe glades Kiem. The names of the brothers who founded Kyi, Schek, Horeb and their sister Lybid are urban toponyms. By 882, came from Novgorod first Kyiv Prince Oleg Ruricovich united Russian land, declaring: "This mother of Russ towns". Kiev became the political and religious center of the Slavic lands. In 988, Prince Vladimir introduced Christianity as the official religion. Prosperity achieved in the XI century., During the reign of Yaroslav the Wise, becoming one of the most powerful cities in Europe. The decline began in the strife in the XII. and ended with the capture of the Mongols in 1240, is under the authority of Lithuania, then Poland. In the XVII century. Metropolitan P. tomb revived Orthodox Metropolitan of Kiev, founded the first university in Russia - Kiev-Mohyla Academy. In January 1654, after Pereyaslav, Ukraine fell under the power of Muscovy, Kiev became a provincial city. After the February Revolution of 1917 established the Central Council, headed by Hrushevsky and proclaimed the independence of the Ukrainian People's Republic. Surrendered to the Bolshevik army with the support of Germany. After a series of coups in consolidated Soviet power during the reign of which destroyed a number of unique architectural monuments. City was badly damaged during the Second World War. After the war, the central part was built up in the Stalinist style. August 24, 1991 was proclaimed the Act of Independence of Ukraine. In recent years, revived many architectural monuments.

Donetsk

Donetsk - the administrative center of Donetsk region. The name "Donetsk", was the name of the Seversky Donets River, which flows to the north of Donetsk region. The industrial potential of Donetsk in 2nd place in the area in terms of industrial production (after Mariupol) and 1st place in terms of growth. In the city, there is one of the largest in Ukraine in terms of investment of free economic zones ("SEZ") "Donetsk". Along with the city Makeevka - was the largest in the USSR industrial hub. A characteristic feature of the economic complex of Donetsk is a diversified specialty industry, combined with the development of transport and financial management of the city. The industry practically all sectors of the economy, however, the proportion of metals (both ferrous and non-ferrous), coal, chemical industry (including coke) and heavy engineering industries highest. Along with the traditional sectors of heavy industry in recent years, are also developing light industry, food, woodworking, mechanical engineering.

lions

Lviv - the city of regional subordination, administrative, economic and cultural center of Lviv Oblast, Ukrainian SSR, a major center of rail and highways and airlines. Located at the junction of three natural areas - Roztocze, Bug River and Lviv plateau. The highest point of the city - Mountain High Castle (Knyazhev Mountain) reaches 411 m above sea level (22 m of them piled up.) The territory of Lviv - 137.5 sq. m. km. The population - 642 thousand people. The city is divided into five administrative districts: Leninsky, Chervonoarmeysk, Zaliznichny, Shevchenko, Radyansky. District Council of Lviv subordinated: Chervonoarmeysk - city Vynnyky, Shevchenko - smt Bryukhovychi, Zaliznichnomu - Ore village.
The city and the surrounding area has been settled since the Mesolithic period (about 8 thousand years ago), as evidenced by tools of the time, found on the north-western and south-eastern outskirts of {Sveshn³kov I. K. Dov³dnik s arheolog³¿ of Ukraine, p. 44.}. By the end of the era of copper (III millennium BC. Oe.) Are the remains of settlements agricultural and pastoral tribes, which were investigated by archaeologists in the High Castle Hill in 1955-1956, 1975 and 1976. and in the uplands and Zupan Lysovka Vynnyky near the city in 1962 {Peleschishin NA ancient population in Western Volyn III millennium BC. Abstract for the degree of candidate of historical sciences. K., 1967, p. 3, Archaeological discoveries in 1975, p. 297-299.}. In the city park Franko remained mound end of the era of copper - early Bronze Age period (about 4 thousand years ago) {Sveshn³kov I. K. Dov³dnik s arheolog³¿ of Ukraine, p. 44.} And Old fort (apparently, XI c.) {Mater³ali dosl³dzhennya i s i arheolog³¿ Precarpathia Volin³, wines. 3. K., 1961, p. 115-127.}. This refutes the bourgeois historians that though the first settlement on the territory of the castle hill arose in post-Mongol period.
Lions appeared in the XIII century. on the site of ancient settlement mentioned and soon became the center of Galicia-Volyn principality. It was first mentioned in the Galicia-Volyn chronicle in connection with the description of the Hill, the fire, which occurred on the specified data, in the spring of 1256 {Chronicle on ipat
Founded Lviv Galicia-Volyn Prince Daniel Romanovich (1225-1264 gg.), Naming it in honor of his son Lev. Reigned over the city castle, built to the prince mountain (High Castle). Subjecting Southwest Rus Burunday in 1259 forced the Galicia-Volyn princes destroy fortified cities, including Lviv and lock. Later, it was rebuilt and in 1286 he defended the city from attack by the Mongol Khan Telebugi.